Comparison of Operating Systems

Comparison of Operating SystemsAbstractThe chief(prenominal) aim of the paper is to clearly distinguish the Comparison between the Linux, Windows Ne 2rk run System and amoeba Distributed operate System. This paper explains clearly closely the earnings direct smorgasbords handle Linux, windows 2000 and amoeba, Amoeba buttocks be described as an font of a distributed operating organization. Starting from the Linux operating establishment, this paper describes the Linux operating establishment evolution, architecture. It also tells the list of Pros and Cons of the Linux operating System and Features involved in that OS. Windows 2000 is one of the powerful operating system in the world. However, This paper also concentrate on Windows 2000 OS with explanation of the architecture, advantages, disadvantages and security of the Windows 2000 .Fin each(prenominal)y, we discussed about Amoeba distributed Operating System and what atomic number 18 the features of the Amoeba and sagaciousness the architecture of the Amoeba Distributed Operating System.IntroductionAn operating system(OS) is a broadcast designed to run an some other(prenominal) programs on a computer . Operating system runs automatically when the exploiter power switches on and it stops running on the computer when the power switch off. It is act as an interface between intentr and the CPU. Operating system controls the external devices that are affiliated to the computer and it ignore vie institutionalises on the computer. Operating system can perform the things like winning the input from the external devices like keyboards, printers, scanners and display the output on computer oversee. By this we can give voice that it is an inter face between user and the CPU. righteousness of Operating system is to conciliate sure that both programs and users do non interfere when both the running at the same time. This is also responsible for not to regain the system by unauthorized users .Above figure shows the how the operating system connects to the external device and how the devices are controlled by the Operating System .These are classified depending on the number of users or tasks utilize the operating systems.Multi-UserIt enables two or more users can run the programs at the same time.MultitaskingIt enables doing one or more tasks at same time. It is very good method to utilise the time effectively.Multi exhibitingIt allows running the same program on different CPUs.MultithreadingIt enables that the program in different locations to run at same time.Real-time operating systemsThis is for real time applications and in this Operating system. It will respond to input and service the program at the same time.Most familiarly employ Operating Systems are Windows 2000, Windows XP and Linux. Operating systems can also be classified as cyberspace Operating System and Distributed operating System realisework Operating SystemIn this Operating System more number o f activities controlled across a network. near of the network operating systems are UNIX, Linux and Microsoft windows 2000 horde. It livings workstations (WS) and personal computer. Examples of network operating systems are LAN and MANDistributed Operating SystemIt is a collection of independent computers that appears to be a single system to the users. One of the Examples of distributed operating system is amoeba.LINUXIt is an operating There are several Operating systems available these mean solar days.system (OS) that controls your computer. Linux is the one of the most popular Network Operating System used now days. Linux is basically from the UNIX. If we write any program for UNIX it is also run on the Linux. Difference between UNIX and Linux is Linux comes with GPL manifest and UNIX comes with BSD-Style license. Linux consisting of all the features of UNIX and it is suitable for both high end servers and middle range servers. Linux is an open beginning Operating system i n the sense people can change, adopt and fix. Linux provide not only the operating system but also approximately support, updates and provides everything to users. Some peoples think that Linux is difficult because of the complicated commands and It is not user accessible. Those who knows the UNIX they can understand the Linux than the beginners .beginners confused about the Linux ascribable to complicated commands. get into 2 Conceptual Structure of the Linux KernelThe above figure shows the architectural linear perspective of the Linux Operating System. There are three major things in the things in the architecture firstly is the user program, guerilla is the kernel, third one is the hardware. We can just now say that there are two major parts in the architectureShellThe functionality of the shell is translate the user commands into kernelKernelIn 1991 Linux kernel was developed by Torvalds. At first there was a Linux 0.02 is released after three years Linux 1.0 is released. In 1995 Linux kernel 2.2 is released with few improved features like IPv6, support for variety of Intel chips and turn on system with improved range .This is composed of process theater director, practical(prenominal) turn on system (VFS), memory manager and abstract network services. Kernel is directly interacting with the hardware.Process double-deckerProcess manager mange the process, how the process are scheduled. For example if two processes are there it will manage those two processes by implementing the priority technique. Parent -child relationship is also managed by the process manager.Memory ManagerIt will manage the memory in the operating system. For example if one process requires more memory than physical memory for execution or programs then it implements the concept of virtual memory.Virtual File SystemLinux support more number of file systems. Virtual File System manages the controlling of file access and directory.Abstract network servicesLinux is also suppo rt some network requirements such as sockets and transmission control protocol/IP networking.Linux Operating system is a monolithic structure because of any module in the Linux can tack the information with the other modules. The main thing in the above fig1 is mapping of kernel source code to the program module. Source code for the process manager is Init/ this is a directory consist of initialization code for kernel. Source code for Memory manager is Mm/ .It consists of memory manages codes. Virtual file system composed of Fs/ source code .It contains all the file system codes and Drivers/ consists of all device driver codes. in the long run Abstract Network Services has a source code of Net/ .It is a directory with Kernels networking codes.Linux kernel does not countenance Modifiability capacity because if we modify anything in the kernel that may preserve the other parts of the kernel and we can say it is also not suitable for re-usability because of file systems are integra ted into the kernel.Linux is different from the other Operating system in two main aspects those are firstly, Linux operating System can work on any other computer rulels for example Windows 95 and Windows 98 can run on only if the CPUs have the Intel architecture but Linux can run on any other platforms. Second one is the Linux Operating System parcel is free. If you want to use the Linux you can get the Linux for free but if u wants Linux with some special application you have to pay something to obtain the software. Linux applications are in open source form this enables users to modifies and improve them.Linux features and slayingLinux has some attractive features likeIt is open sourceIt has multi processing capabilitiesVery wide range of hard ware compatibilityHigh performanceMillions of installed baseIt consist of IP Security and IPV6Linux Advantages and disadvantagesLinux has some of the good pros and cons those areLinux AdvantagesLinux is freeYou do not have to pay anythi ng for the Linux software.Linux is portableIf anyone bought a untested PC without knowing which Operating System runs on that computer? They can use the Linux because of the portability option.Linux was made to keep runningWe can keep running the Linux day and night for completing the tasks .by this we can save some time. skillful and VersatileLinux is more secure like a firewall.ScalableIn Linux you can transmit and remove whatever you want it fits all of them.Linux had short debug timesLinux DisadvantagesLinux is not user friendlyLinux have some complicated commands and problem for beginners. too many distributionsStrengths and Weakness of LinuxStrengthsLinux is powerful operating system with stability.Cost of the Linux is low compare to others.could be use as server.It is Open source.WeaknessesIt is less user friendly than windows.Complexity of commandsFewer desktop titles than windows.Hard to install a Linux operating in system.Application of LinuxLinux provides database and t rading services to the online book shops and US post offices. earnings providers and ISPs are used Linux as proxy, firewall and web serverWINDOWS 2000Windows 2000 professional is a powerful operating system with 32 bit and it is also solid. Two main things in windows 2000 are server and professional. These two are come from Microsoft family but applications are different. Windows 2000 server does everything what windows 2000 professional do. Windows 2000 server is designed for to run the application on server .windows 2000 professional takes all the advantages from the Windows NT and some extra features are also added to improve the operating system.Windows 2000 architectureWindows 2000 architecture is consisting of client/server, socio-economic classed and objects oriented principles. computer architecture of windows 2000 was developed by storyed approach. In layered approach code in each layer can access only by the layer below to that. By this approach we can improve the opera ting system because if we change any layer on operating system it does not affect the other parts of the operating system. Windows 2000 architecture was developed by C language code. So, a window 2000 is portable. In this Operating system debugged from staring layer to the end layer.The above Architecture consists of two main modes those are user and kernel modes.Kernel modeKernel is the heart of the operating system. It is responsible for programming the events .kernel mode composed of hardware abstraction layer (HAL), Micro kernel and administrator services.Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)It is in between hardware and kernel. HAL controls the all activities between Kernel and the hard ware in operating system. HAL directly interact with the hard ware for any manipulations. Windows 2000 has a capability of running multiprocessor on computer by using HAL .It abstract the hard ware from kernel and no need to know what type of hard ware used.MicrokernelIt provides time -slice betwee n multiprocessor and handling of interrupt, threads. When the system startup it takes information of which devices are loaded into system from registry.Executive servicesIt contains the I/O manager, save manager, Virtual memory manager, file systems, object wariness and process or thread management. I/O manager controls the I/O operations between user applications and hard disk. It is manage the all information coming from any device to computer. I/O manager herodivide into some more sections elaborate (4). Input/Output Manager Components inIt contains cache manager, file system, network drivers and device drivers. Cache manager controls how the disk cache works. File system take care of all files in the system .network drivers manages network protocols in the I/O manager and finally device drivers controls all the devices like keyboard ,mouse and hard disk.Object manager in executive manages objects that are used by windows 2000 and it can also extend to another object. Process manager manages all the activities done by the processes. Security reference monitor watch if any unsecured thing comes into the computer.Windowing and graphics systemIt uses Graphic User Interface (GUI) to provide all the graphics to computer.User ModeThis mode consists of service, environment sub systems, system process and applications.System processes It contains logon process, session manager and service controller.Services It support services like event logger, remote force call, alerter and replicatorApplications It provides user applications like MS-DOS, POSIX and WIN32.The subsystems are again separated into another two parts in user mode .Those are environmental subsystems and Integral sub system.Environmental Sub systemsThis provides application program interface (API) to the services. POSIX, OS/2, WIN32 are the environmental subsystems in windows 2000 Operating system. It can support other types of applications to windows 2000 by using the client /server architecture. I n the environmental subsystems applications are clients and subsystems are serversIntegral sub systemsIntegral subsystem performs functions like creating windows and opening files by calling the WIN32 applications. It has components like virtual memory manager, processor manager, I/O system manager and cache manager.Windows 2000 featuresIt is Multi processor supports.It supports more number of programs and it will be user friendly.This is runs totally in protected mode.It had full user level securityIt supports NTFS, FAT FAT32 file system.Windows 2000 BenefitsCompatible and Stable OS.It consumes low time to for troubleshooting.Greater performance compared to the Windows 95 and more than flexible of operations.Windows 2000 weaknessLess security Windows 2000 operating system is affected by viruses and an attack on The Operating system is possible.Not every windows 95/98 programs will run.If a program writes to run on only 95/98 this program cannot run on the windows 2000.Windows 200 0 is not an open source.As compare Linux it is not open source.Windows 2000 security FeaturesWindows 2000 provides authentication, data integrity Authentications is provided by the using the authentication protocol Kerberos.Secure communicationIt is provided by using the Secure Socket layer protocol.Differences between Linux Vs Windows 2000 Operating System.Linux Operating systemWindows 2000 operating systemMore reliable.It is an open source Operating SystemPrice of the software is free.ease of useSome companies now also do not offer drivers.Better securedLess percentage of people know all about Linux.less reliable compared to LinuxIt is closed sourceMicrosoft Windows software license cost varies between 50 to 150 US dollars.Much easier compared with Linux.It is Better Hardware support.windows is not secure compared with Linux. and Still Attacks possible.More people using the WindowsAmoebaFrom the years of 1990s the distributed operating system was came into vision by the idea of S. Tanenbaum at the Vrije Universiteit by the Centre of Computer Science and Mathematics department in Amsterdam doing research for distributed operating system. The aim of this distributed operating system is to connect many computers together. In this, Amoeba operating system the work (or) task was distributed between the processor pools. The user doesnt know where the execution of the files is going to do because the system share this files in the network with other to gain high performance.Design GoalsThe design goal of Amoeba based on four1. Distribution connecting many machines together2. agreement manifold CPUs allows using for individual jobs3. Transparency It will act like a single system4. Performance it is an efficient mannerIt was a distributed system, multiple machines which are not same and connected together. ameoba was connected in LAN. It uses a high performance FLIP network protocol for LAN communication. If the machine is having more than one interface then it automatically uses the FLIP network interface for communication.Ameoba also supports for pair system. By this, one job can be shared by the other processors to gain high speed in performance.It is foil. The user doesnt know where the files are storing and the location of CPUs. It will automatically replicates and handle the issues like file by the users.Last but not least, is Performance it has some minimal delays in sending and receiving the files between the machines to machine in high bandwidth.System ArchitectureAmoeba operating system was designed based on the single microcomputer, of the recommended software for the minimum configuration.1. Workstation(WS).2. Processor pool(PP).3. emcees.4. Gateways.A typical Amoeba operating system will consists of three main functional classes of machine. First class, belongs to completely user interface and it doesnt do any other computing. The workstation used for running is X windows system. The second class is pool of processors it can be the part of multiprocessors or multi computers and it have megabytes of private memory and it is shared by processors. LAN communication is done by the processor pool.Figure 5.System ArchitectureThird class is for specialized servers such as file and directory servers and it completely dedicated to hardware.All this three classes are connected to the fast-flying LAN.Fundamental Concepts(1)Microkernel and Server ArchitectureIt is designed with microkernel architecture. In this very operation is goes through the kernel even the I/O and memory management so everything is build on the basis of kernel to give the user space server processes. Some of the user processes runs the application programs and such processes are called clients. introductory function of microkernel is to communicate the client and servers with each other.2.ThreadsIn many operating systems, single thread of control is present but in amoeba operating system each process handle as its own thread that means i t contains multiple threads. By using this multiple it makes easy in distributed and parallel computing because each process is handle by each thread and all processes are passed through the common block of cache uses synchronization. Kernel allows some threads to access the memory management services.Remote Procedure CallThe basic mechanism used for communication is Remote Procedure Call, because each process as to communicate with each other if they are in same shell or block is easy, if they are in different places then RPC is used for communication and special library procedures are called as stubs and these are used for RPC. Amoeba uses a special language called AIL (Amoeba Interface Language) and this automatically produces stub.Figure (6) Remote Procedure ControlGroup CommunicationBy this function so many problems in distributed and parallel programming are solved due to many applications need to communicate with each other while sending and receiving the data what they are e xactly sending for them in same order.Objects and CapabilitiesWhen an object is created, server will create a 128 bit value called capability. It prevents in cryptographically from tampering.Memory ManagementIt is not having paging and swapping. If one process is executing and other are in memory by this it gives high performance and other Disadvantage is uses larger than physical memory.I/OThis function is also handled by kernel threads.OUTSIDE THE KERNELBullet File ServerIt is designed with high performance so it called as Bullet server. It stores files continuously on the dicks and cache memory, the minimum requirement of ram is 16MB if more RAM is there it gives more performance. If user requests a file it sends the file in a single RPC.Figure (7). Bullet Server MemoryDirectory ServerIn comparison to the other operating system, amoeba operating system doesnt handle all functions like other OSs. In this Bullet server just save the files, its main function is to read, write and sa ve the files to the disks but it doesnt rename the file name. It having a hierarchical file systems built easily and general structures. By this function it gives high availability to the user and avoids the replications.CompilersAmoeba having some standard compilers likes ANSI, C, PASCAL, MODULA 2, BASIC, FORTAN 77 and GNU C compiler. match ProgrammingIt uses a new language for parallel programming called as Orca, which allows users to define their data types which based on Object-based distributed over a LAN. Orac uses the Amoeba IPC facilities make them to share the software objects over the network in efficient manner.UtilitiesAmoeba offers utilities that work with UNIX for highly parallel configuration manager.Emulation of UNIXTo execute the UNIX programs in Amoeba it uses an Ajax offersPOSIX P1003.1 by this function simply compiles the program and link to Amoeba.TCP/IPAlthough it uses a FLIP protocol for communication, by using a specialServer it connects to the TCP/IP through RPCs for internet accessing.X WindowsX Windows X11R6 is the special workstation for Amoeba RPC forCommunication by using X Windows it can interface to the TCP/IP server.Connection to UNIXBy using a special driver SunOS 4.1.1 it allows the UNIX programs toCommunicate with amoeba programs.Weakness of AmoebaIt is does not having any virtual memory.No binary compatibles to UNIX.Amoeba is not a NFS support.It doesnt have a enough memory.It is not a well polished system.Best for experimentingSupplies a1000 pages of documentationConclusionFinally we conclude that both Windows and Linux are the standard operating systems. First version of the windows provides the graphical user interface (GUI). Windows 2000 is yet to be used as trump server Operating system. Windows 2000 has better permanence, Improved reliability, easy to install and improve system recovery .we can create multiple user accounts in windows 2000 .Linux is fast developed operating system. It is open source we can improve th e code by modification. There is no restriction on that but windows 2000 Operating system is not an open source. In some aspects windows 2000 is better than Linux like Windows is a user friendly, no Complicated commands and looks better in appearance. This is best used for face-to-face computers, Home computers and small office network computer .On the other aspects Linux operating system is best. Linux has better security compare to Windows 2000. In big enterprises we can use Linux for networking .Linux is stable and has networking ability. Both operating systems are widely used but depending on our applications we can choose the Operating system.Amoeba Operating System is having the transparency in work, reliable, it using the Microkernel to increase the speed of the system by user interface. Ameoba also supports for some heterogonous systems. It is free to universities but they need an internet connection to access but they charge $500 for the manual set of documents and it also not a well polished system, it supports for both UNIX programs and X Windows for TCP/IP connection.