Mapp v. Ohio A Milestone Ruling Against Illegally Obtained Evidence

The case of Mapp v. Ohio, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on June 19, 1961, strengthened the Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures by making it illegal for evidence obtained by law enforcement without a valid warrant to be used in criminal trials in both federal and state courts. The 6-3 decision was one of several handed down by the Supreme Court during the 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren that significantly enhanced the constitutional rights of criminal defendants. Fast Facts: Mapp v. Ohio Case Argued: March 29, 1961Decision Issued:  June 19, 1961Petitioner:  Dollree MappRespondent:  State of OhioKey Questions: Is â€Å"obscene† material protected by the First Amendment, and if such material is obtained by means of an illegal search can it be used as evidence in court?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Douglas, Clark, Brennan, and StewartDissenting: Justices Frankfurter, Harlan, and WhittakerRuling:  The First Amendment issue was deemed irrelevant, however the court ruled that any evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible in a state court.   Prior to Mapp v. Ohio, the Fourth Amendment’s ban against the use of illegally gathered evidence applied only to criminal cases tried in the federal courts.  To extend the protection to the state courts, the Supreme Court relied on a well-established legal doctrine known as â€Å"selective incorporation,† which holds that the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment bans the states from enacting laws that might infringe on the rights of American citizens. The Case Behind Mapp v. Ohio On May 23, 1957, Cleveland police wanted to search the home of Dollree Mapp, who they believed might be harboring a bombing suspect along with possibly having some illegal betting equipment. When they first came to her door, Mapp did not allow the police to enter stating that they did not have a warrant. A few hours later, the police returned and forced their way into the house. They claimed to have a valid search warrant, but they did not allow Mapp to inspect it. When she grabbed the warrant anyway, they handcuffed her. While they did not find the suspect or the equipment, they did find a trunk containing pornographic materials which violated Ohio law at the time. At the original trial, the court found Mapp guilty and sentenced her to jail despite no evidence of a legal search warrant being presented. Mapp appealed to the Ohio Supreme Court and lost. She then took her case to the U.S. Supreme Court and appealed, arguing that the case was essentially a violation of her First Amendme nt right to freedom of expression. The Supreme Court Decision (1961) The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren ended up siding with Mapp in a 6–3 vote. However, they chose to ignore the question of whether a law against the possession of obscene material violated her right to freedom of expression as explained in the First Amendment. Instead, they focused on the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. In 1914, the Supreme Court had ruled in Weeks v. United States  (1914) that illegally obtained evidence could not be used in federal courts. However, the question remained whether this would be extended to state courts. The question was whether Ohio law failed to provide Mapp with her Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. The Court decided that ...all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by [the Fourth Amendment], inadmissible in a state court. Mapp v. Ohio: Exclusionary Rule and Fruit of the Poisonous Tree The Supreme Court applied the exclusionary rule and fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine articulated in  Weeks  and  Silverthorne  to the states in  Mapp v. Ohio  in 1961. It did so by virtue of the  incorporation doctrine. As Justice Tom C. Clark wrote:   Since the Fourth Amendments right of privacy has been declared enforceable against the States through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth, it is enforceable against them by the same sanction of exclusion as is used against the Federal Government. Were it otherwise, then, just as without the Weeks rule the assurance against unreasonable federal searches and seizures would be a form of words, valueless and undeserving of mention in a perpetual charter of inestimable human liberties, so too, without that rule, the freedom from state invasions of privacy would be so ephemeral and so neatly severed from its conceptual nexus with the freedom from all brutish means of coercing evidence as not to merit this Courts high regard as a freedom implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. Today, the exclusionary rule and fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine are regarded as basic principles of constitutional law, applicable in all U.S. states and territories. Significance of Mapp v. Ohio The Supreme Court decision in Mapp v. Ohio was quite controversial. The requirement for ensuring that evidence was legally obtained was placed on the court. This decision would open up the court to a number of difficult cases concerning how to apply the exclusionary rule. Two major Supreme Court decisions have made exceptions to the rule created in Mapp. In 1984, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren E. Burger created the inevitable discovery rule in Nix v. Williams. This rule states that if there is a piece of evidence that would have eventually been discovered through legal means, then it is admissible in a court of law. In 1984, the Burger Court created the good faith exception in U.S. v. Leon. This exception allows evidence to be allowed if a police officer believes that his or her search is, in fact, legal. Thus, the court needs to decide if they acted in good faith. The court has decided this for instances where there were problems with the search warrant that the officer was not aware of. Was Boxing Behind It?: Background on Dollree Mapp Previous to this court case, Mapp had sued boxing champion Archie Moore for breach of promise for not marrying her. Don King, the future fight promoter for such boxing stars as Muhammad Ali, Larry Holmes, George Foreman, and Mike Tyson, was the target of the bombing and gave the police the name Virgil Ogletree as the possible bomber. That led the police to Dollree Mapps home, where they believed the suspect was hiding. In 1970, 13 years after the illegal search that culminated in  Mapp v. Ohio, Mapp was convicted of having in her possession $250,000 worth of stolen goods and drugs. She was sent to prison until 1981. Updated by Robert Longley

Editorial Analysis Essay - 1236 Words

ENG 201H 2/10/13 Editorial Analysis â€Å"We are all equal; it is not birth but virtue alone that makes the difference.† This insightful quote from the famous French philosopher and historian â€Å"Voltaire† seems to accurately represent the beliefs of the factions of American citizens pushing to allow women to fight in combat positions within the US Armed Forces. Though the topic has just recently been boosted into the media and congressional politics, it has been long debated. A rather current editorial from USA Today titled: â€Å"Open Combat Positions to Women† outlines the recent developments in the status of a much disputed and controversial issue facing the nation today. Though somewhat less in-depth than some opposing opinions, the†¦show more content†¦Also in the beginning of the editorial, the author refers back to the two women who fought on the front lines. Those women as well as two other servicewomen filed suit in attempt to overturn the law established in 1994 which states as follows: †Rule: Service members are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground, as defined below. Definition: Direct ground combat is engaging an enemy on the ground with individual or crew served weapons, while being exposed to hostile fire and to a high probability of direct physical contact with the hostile forces personnel. Direct combat take s place well forward on the battlefield while locating an closing with the enemy to defeat then by fire, maneuver or shock effect.† The author goes on to state that, despite what happens in court with the lawsuit filed by the four servicewomen, the issue should never have to go to court in order to be acted upon. The author seems to think that it is simply a matter of logical thinking. Some other supporting evidence in the editorial is the Author’sShow MoreRelatedMy Homework3467 Words   |  14 Pagesevents that happened around the world during this holiday. 1 .Narrate an experience you have had or heard about which illustrates the saying: â€Å"You reap what you sow†. 2. Get a newspaper of your choice, summarize the editorial and criticize the editor’s view. Photocopy the editorial and attach it to your work 3. Using a dictionary, transcribe the words in exercise 4, page 20 of your Oral English textbook: Oral English For Secondary Schools by Nwaka Jones. 4. List 20 terms associated with CommunicationRead More Symbolism of Mount Rushmore Essay2678 Words   |  11 Pagesand the Visual Ideograph: The Iwo Jima Image in Editorial Cartoons† argue against Michael McGee’s belief that ideographs are limited to verbal language (198-212). 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An organization like Flat World use a SWOT analysis in aligning with their mission to understand their weaknesses, buildRead MoreInformation Gathering for Business Analysis1121 Words   |  5 Pagesa big source of information for me, but I had to look into other secondary sources like company’s annual reports, newspaper, internet etc to make my analysis more comprehensive I used the following secondary sources to gather my information which enabled me to get the broad view of Lucky Cement’s Business and it helped me to make a better analysis of Lucky Cement’s Performance. Annual Reports and Books Lucky Cement’s annual reports for years 2008-2010 provided me with a bulk of informationRead MoreHow Linguistic Ethnographers Blommaert And. Borba Conceptualize Ethnographic Research?867 Words   |  4 PagesMassachussets: Harvard University Press. Bourdieu, P. (1990a) The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press Bourdieu, P. (2000) Making the Economic Habitus: Algerian Workers Revisited. 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The Ethics Of Computers With Ai Example For Students

The Ethics Of Computers With Ai In recent years, advancements in robotics has been bringing humans and machines to work together. Many autonomous systems are being used for variety of things. Robots can be used for simple tasks like mowing the lawn and vacuuming to advanced tasks like self-driving vehicles. Many of these robots are given artificial intelligence (AI). Development of AI has recently become a major topic among philosophers and engineers. One major concern is the ethics of computers with AI. Robot ethics (roboethics) is an area of study about rules that should be created to ensure that robots behave ethically. Humans are morally obligated to ensure that machines with artificial intelligence behave ethically. In the 1940s, science-fiction author Isaac Asimov came up with the Three Laws of Robotics. The laws are: 1 A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; 2 A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law and 3 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. The three laws were the first attempt to govern the behavior of AIs. Intelligent robots are required to interact with their surroundings. Imagine a self-driving car going down a residential road with a bunch of parked cars on the side. Then, a child steps out from behind a parked car into the street. The self-driving car could either hit the child or swerve to avoid a collision. A car that has been programmed with a moral code would try to avoid running over the child. Autonomous vehicles are required to have a person in the driver’s seat as a safety precaution. The car would show ethical behavior by following the first law of robotics. Creating a moral code for robots poses many challenges. There are two main approaches to making an ethical robot. One approach is writing a specific ethical law for the robot to follow. I believe that robots should take a Kantian approach to decision making. Robots should follow Kant’s categorical imperative (First Formulation) â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† The robot would be given a task. Then it could run a near infinite number of scenarios where the action could become a universal law. If they robot could accomplish the task, then it morally permissible to act on the maxim. Having a robot that follows the first formulation would also benefit humans. The robot could assist humans by running many scenarios. This would be a good starting point for when an AI needs to make a decision. Rules can be implemented easily since they are categorical. Another approach would be to teach the ro bot how to respond in situations. The response would need to have an ethical outcome. The method is similar to how humans learn morality. The robot would learn right from wrong. This approach can be effective as long as the teacher acts ethically. Robots could also take an Act Utilitarianism approach to decision making. A robot could run an algorithm to maximize overall happiness. An AI would quantify the happiness that each action would cause and then compare the results. Robots can do the calculations to estimate the amount of happiness that a decision could create a lot faster than humans can. This system could work if nobody is killed or harmed. The rules and laws that govern humans would need to be taken into account. This would ensure that the AI makes an ethical decision. The creation of AIs also needs to be ethical. Robots should not be designed to harm humans like in military applications. It is unethical for robots to learn how to become more effective at causing harm. Many military applications would violate the first law of robotics. Presently, drones use AI algorithms to acquire and destroy targets. In 2016, a US military drone falsely targeted people in Pakistan. The drone used cell phone metadata to acquire its targets. Unregulated AIs pose a huge risk for humanity. AIs could target many innocent people and cause mass destruction of cities if they don’t have an ethical code to guide them. Weaponization of AIs is unethical because it is wrong to design an advanced system to be more effective at killing humans. .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 , .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .postImageUrl , .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 , .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38:hover , .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38:visited , .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38:active { border:0!important; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38:active , .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38 .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78d3b4d9df7ecaedb481c25ce1fc0d38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr EssayIn 2016, Microsoft unveiled a machine learning project, an AI chatbot named Tay. The goal of the AI was to engage and entertain people on Twitter. Tay is capable of performing tasks like telling jokes, commenting on pictures, and answer questions. Tay used a learning based response system. A board of writers wrote some responses that Tay could use for conversations. Within 24 hours of release, the chatbot was making racist and misogynistic tweets. Many internet trolls would write the inappropriate comments. Then they would have Tay repeat them. This incident demonstrates that engineers have a responsibility to make sure that AIs have morals. Many people also fear that an AI could become hostile and that it could remove safety devices. Humans are not actively hostile towards animals. Since most AIs are programmed to act like humans and have conciseness, robots would not have any reason to be hostile towards humans. Basic moral principles would prevent them from causing harm to humans. In most cases, the primary function for an AI is friendliness towards humanity. There is no reason for AIs to resent human created motivations. There is no motive for an AI to reprogram itself to be unfriendly. Humans don’t remove parts of their personality to become unfriendly. Therefore, an AI wouldn t want to remove their core parts that affect attitude. If something does go wrong and an AI goes rogue there are many safety devices in place. AIs are being designed with kill switches in case of emergencies. There are many reasons humans are obligated to design AIs with morals. Humans have moral codes and robots are design to think like humans. Robots need to be designed to have similar ethical codes. Without moral codes, AIs can cause harm to humans. AIs need to have a reliable way of learning so they can make fewer mistakes. Safe guards and filters need to be placed to ensure that AIs can learn from good examples. AIs must have goals that can be completed in an ethical way. When an AI makes a decision, it must be able to explain the reasoning that supports their actions.

What is a Good Early Childhood Teacher an Example of the Topic All Posts by

What is a Good Early Childhood Teacher? A good teacher of such young children needs many qualities, not least being patience, reliability and understanding of what it is to be a small child in the 21st century. They need also a positive attitude towards education and to have knowledge of normal development and what can be expected at each stage, and indeed what order the stages come in. This will mean that they can assess at the beginning of the school year the stage a child has already attained in areas such as reading, mathematics or social development, especially if this is a childs first year at school so there are no previous professional records to consult, and will then be enabled to chart individual progress as it is made, both in formal records and mark books and mentally as they come to know each individual child. They will be aware that a child cannot complete certain tasks until they are psychologically and, in some cases, physiologically mature enough to do so. Children develop at different rates and may in so me cases be further on than average in some area such as reading, but be below average in another - perhaps spatial awareness or in social skills. They need also to be able to convey their ideas on such matters to parents and even to children who may feel a sense of failure if others can do what they, as yet, cannot. Need essay sample on "What is a Good Early Childhood Teacher?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed They need to be aware of the works of writers on the subject such as Piaget, even if they do not always agree with every one of their pronouncements. His ideas about such matters as conservation will always be valid the idea that things stay the same even if moved about, as when a child realises that a piece of clay will weigh the same when rolled out thinly as when it is in a large ball. An ability to get on with colleagues and with parents is essential. The teacher must be approachable so that parents feel free to voice any worries they may have or information they need to impart and colleagues need to be aware that here is someone who is professionally dependable. Dealing with young children requires organizational skills in the geography of the classroom are supplies where a child can reach them? Are displays at the right height - not aimed to impress the occasional adult visitor , but at a level a child can best appreciate them. It may be necessary for a teacher to design their own record keeping system, or this may be provided by the school or local authority. They must be up to date with any necessary record keeping. Resources need to be organised so that as little time as possible is wasted when lesson planning. Lessons should be planned ahead so that the teacher can see long term where things are going, with clear aims and objectives, descriptions of how these might be achieved and also with comments afterwards as to how the lessons were received and whether or not aims were achieved and why certain things did or did not succeed.. Budgeting may be an issue does one spend money on paints and easels or upon rulers and books? An awarenes s of how long a particular resource, such as a pile of drawing paper or a pot of glue, is likely to last can be a useful skill The teacher needs to be aware of guidelines, rules and laws provided by the school or by local or national authorities both as to such matters as the curriculum, but also with regard to standards expected, aims, mission statements and health and safety issues. They must be good record keepers, so that they and others can easily refer to records when necessary and they are aware for instance when a child is consistently absent or isnt progressing as might be expected. This will also enable others such as the head teacher to be easily aware of what is planned and achieved. A teacher who keeps written records will be more easily able to judge whether the curriculum is balanced with sufficient emphasis and time being given to such things as speaking skills, listening and physical activities as well as such areas as reading, writing and arithmetic. They should be aware of current trends and so will take opportunities to attend further training as necessary. There is always a need for fresh ideas and so they need to be aware of resources that are available such as on websites like Early Years. They must carry authority if necessary discipline is to be maintained. Children need to feel the security of having rules and someone in charge. It may be that they are working in a multi-lingual, multi-racial situation and should be aware of special pressures this can cause, for example sending letters home to a family for whom English is not the first tongue. Children come to school for the first time with varied abilities different backgrounds and levels of input and expectation from their families or carers. A teacher needs to be aware of such differences and offer extra support where needed. Some children will come to school already with some reading abilities and be very familiar with how books work, while others may come from homes where there are no books and where education is not particularly valued. A good teacher will meet the specific needs of both - by sharing books with the latter and by encouraging and stretching the abilities of the former. There is a need to understand even at this age differences between the sexes girls tend generally to be more articulate than boys of a similar age. There should be allowances made for such differences with boys being encouraged to participate verbally and the achievements of all children, not just the quick and able and obvious, need to be recognised. All this requires training and a teacher should have a recognised qualification that meets the required standard. This can either be a specialist purely teaching qualification or a post graduate degree in teaching. This will not only ensure that they have reached an acceptable standard , such as those set out by the National Association for the education of Young Children, but should also mean plenty of experience in a classroom before they take on the responsibility of being the person in charge. They will see during their training a variety of individual personalities, situations and methods and it is these will help them to formulate their own methods and styles within the necessary boundaries imposed by particular institutions and situations. There needs to be consideration of outcomes as well as processes and a balanced attention to knowledge, skills and dispositions thus ensuring a happy and effective classroom experience, a classroom where each child, whatever their abilities is able to participate fully, where they can, as is possible, take some responsibility for their own learning, whether this just means something as simple as remembering to take home a reading book or helping to decide classroom rules. Children need to acquire thinking skills as outlined on the web page Early Years, Teaching Expertise, and this includes thinking for themselves. Seeing a young childs delight as they realise what they can achieve as they adapt to the world in which they find themselves is the reward for all this hard work. Works Cited Early Years, Teaching Expertise Early Years, Teaching Ideas, 5th January 2009 http://www.teachingideas.co.uk/activity-types/photo/main.php?g2_itemId=110 National Association for the Education of Young Children

A Beginners Guide to the Industrial Revolution

A Beginner's Guide to the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution refers to a period of massive economic, technological, social, and cultural change which affected humans to such an extent that its often compared to the change from hunter-gathering to farming. At its simplest, a mainly agriculture-based world economy using manual labor was transformed into one of industry and manufacturing by machines. The precise dates are a subject for debate and vary by historian, but the 1760/80s to the 1830/40s are most common, with the developments beginning in Britain and then spreading to the rest of the world, including the United States. The Industrial Revolutions The term industrial revolution was used to describe the period before the 1830s, but modern historians increasingly call this period the first industrial revolution. This period was characterized by developments in textiles, iron, and steam (led by Britain) to differentiate it from a second revolution of the 1850s onwards, characterized by steel, electrics, and automobiles (led by the U.S. and Germany). What Changed Industrially and Economically The invention of steam power, which replaced horses and water, was used to power factories and transportation and allowed for deeper mining.The improvement of iron-making techniques allowing for vastly higher production levels and better material.The textile industry was transformed by new machines (such as the Spinning Jenny) and factories, allowing for much higher production at a lower cost.Better machine tools allowed for more and better machines.Developments in metallurgy and chemical production affected many industries.New and quicker transport networks were created thanks to first canals and then railways, allowing products and materials to be moved cheaper and more efficiently.The banking industry developed to meet the needs of entrepreneurs, providing finance opportunities that allowed the industries to expand.  The use of coal (and coal production) soared. Coal eventually replaced wood. As you can see, an awful lot of industries changed dramatically, but historians have to carefully untangle how each affected the other as everything triggered changes in the others, which triggered more changes in return. What Changed Socially and Culturally Rapid urbanization led to dense, cramped housing and living conditions, which spread disease, created vast new city-dwelling populations, and a new sort of social order that helped to establish a new way of life: New city and factory cultures affecting family and peer groups.Debates and laws regarding child labor, public health, and working conditions.Anti-technology groups, such as the Luddites. Causes of the Industrial Revolution The end of feudalism changed economic relationships (with feudalism used as a useful catch-all term and not a claim that there was classic-style feudalism in Europe at this point). More causes of the Industrial Revolution include: A higher population because of less disease and lower infant mortality, which allowed for a larger industrial workforce.The agricultural revolution freed people from the soil, allowing (or driving) them into cities and manufacturing, creating a larger industrial workforce.Proportionally large amounts of spare capital for investment.Inventions and the scientific revolution, allowing for new technology.Colonial trade networks.The presence of all the required resources located close together, which is why Britain was the first country to experience the industrial revolution.A general culture of hard work, taking risks, and developing ideas. Debates Evolution, not revolution? Historians such as J. Clapham and N. Craft have argued that there was a gradual evolution in industrial sectors, rather than a sudden revolution.How the revolution worked. Historians are still trying to pry apart the heavily interwoven developments, with some arguing that there were parallel developments in many industries and others arguing that some industries, usually cotton, surged and stimulated the others.Britain in the 18th century. The debate still rages over both why the industrial revolution began when it did and why it began in Britain.

Assignment 3 A Problem Exists Essay

Assignment 3 A Problem Exists Essay Assignment 3 A Problem Exists Essay A Problem Exists: Without Childhood Vaccinations Should Children Be Banned From Public Schools English 215 Childhood Vaccinations Any child who has not had their vaccinations should be banned from starting public school. Beginning school should just not be an option. Other families that have their children vaccinated should not have to worry about their children and the possibilities of them catching and/or carrying germs and diseases home, putting their siblings and families in jeopardy. Immunizations are required for a reason and that is to prevent childhood diseases. Many parents are against vaccinations for various reasons. The reasons range from the pharmaceutical companies benefiting from the vaccine more than the children, vaccines being underestimated and overestimating the adverse reactions to the diseases, religious reasons, and faulting autism because of the vaccines. I understand their concern for their child but they should also be concerned with other children and their families. The first formal vaccine developed for the prevention of disease was used by Edward Jenner for smallpox. Jenner first became aware of the protective effects of cowpox from the story of a local dairymaid who had been exposed to the disease. After years of study and observation, he became convinced of the story's validity. In 1796, he immunized an eight-year-old boy with material from a cowpox lesion. No ill effects were seen. Further immunizations supported the theory that cowpox protected against smallpox. Jenner called this material variolae vaccinae. Richard Dunning, a Plymouth physician, in an 1800 analysis of the procedure, was the first to use the term "vaccination." Since the first use of the vaccination by Jenner was for the smallpox, immunization techniques have developed for the protection against most infectious diseases and illnesses. With the nineteenth century improvements in public health measures, combined with the passage of laws for compulsory vaccination, resulted in a steady decrease in the number of smallpox cases in the United States an d most countries of Europe. Even as late as 1930, however, approximately 49,000 cases were reported in the United States. In the 1950's, large numbers of cases were still being reported in areas of Africa and Asia. At that time, the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations decided on a plan for the elimination of smallpox based on the fact that humans served as the sole reservoir for the smallpox virus. In 1978 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the world was free of smallpox. However, the principle of immunization in prevention did not originate with Edward Jenner, the English physician credited with development of the smallpox vaccine in the 1790's. A practice called variolation was well known in China and parts of the Middle East for centuries prior to Jenner. Variolation consisted of the inhalation of dried crust prepared from the pocks obtained from individuals suffering from mild cases of smallpox. A variation involved removing small amounts of flu id from an active smallpox pustule and scratching the liquid into the skin of children. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, introduced the practice of variolation into Great Britain during the early eighteenth century. Use of variolation was empirical: The practice was often successful. The possibility remained, however, that immunization might actually introduce the disease (Magill's Medical Guide, 2008). Community immunity is an important concept in immunization science and policy. Unimmunized persons are protected- indirectly- against some infectious diseases by being surrounded by immunized persons. This is known as community (or â€Å"herd†) immunity. (W.B. Saunders Company, 2004). Unvaccinated children are not only at greater risk of catching vaccine-preventable diseases but they can affect

European politics and Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European politics and Economy - Assignment Example This has forced political actors in Europe to stake out positions on two fundamental issues: the structure of political authority in Europe, and the role of the state -- at whatever territorial level -- in the economy. To what extent should market activity be regulated at the European level, and to what extent -- if at all -- should the European Union redistribute from rich to poor In short, what form of capitalism do Europeans want The institutional design of current cohesion policy has broad-ranging implications for EU governance. At the meso-level, it promotes a change in governance from public steering of social processes to self-governing networks of public and private actors. Public authorities provide the institutional framework that reduces transaction costs and encourages highly organized social subsystems to mobilize indigenous resources (Kohler-Koch 1996, 1998). The result is that authoritative actors at European, national or subnational level are compelled to collaborate with private actors. At the macro-level, current EU cohesion policy is designed to give shape to a multi-level polity. It opens up intergovernmental bargaining among national governments to other governmental actors, and it upgrades limited collaboration among all these actors to more intensive, and more binding, commitments. This challenges state-centric governance in three ways: European institutions set general rules and co-ordin ate; subnational authorities participate in making decisions; and the three parties are in a relationship of mutual dependency rather than hierarchy (Marks, 1996). From the vantage point of traditional social policy, the objectives of the 1988 reform are modest. For one thing, the reformed EU cohesion policy gives priority to one type of cohesion problem: spatial economic disparities among regions (and to a lesser extent, local areas). Almost no emphasis is put on disparities between social groups and individuals within states, regions or local areas (McAleavey and De Rynck, 1997). Furthermore, the 1988 cohesion policy may actually impede efforts to create EU citizenship, because it supports programmes only to the extent that it helps economic functionality or alleviates particular financial needs, and it does not justify cohesion efforts as a social entitlement (Anderson, 1995; McAleavey and De Rynck, 1997). One might therefore argue that current cohesion policy is merely the least bad solution in an opportunity structure inhospitable to European social policy.[2] However, the purpose of European regulated capitalism has not been to emulate tr aditional social policies at European level, but to formulate a viable alternative to European neoliberalism as well as to ineffective national welfare politics (Hooghe and Marks, 1998). From that perspective, current cohesion policy appears far more effective. The most influential advocate of European regulated capitalism has been former Commission president Jacques Delors (Delors, 1992; Ross, 1995). Most centre-left and, selectively, Christian Democratic parties in Europe have come to support the project, but the coalition also includes trade unionists, environmentalists, local and regional governmental actors, and even certain business representatives at

Software development practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Software development practice - Research Paper Example An estimate of timeline completion of the project XII. Significant risks that may impact the project XIII. Conclusion and justification of the project XIV. References I. Introduction Computer forensics deals with the identification of any legal evidence using the computers, as well as other forms of digital storage devices. After collecting, the evidences are put through a thorough forensics examination to obtain and recover the information the investigators need. The computer forensic investigation chiefly involves the investigation of the computer crimes, the cyber crimes, and also during a court hearing. Subsequently, there is utilization of the later function of computer forensic investigation by the courts of the United States and also of the European Union as evidence of digital crime cases (Volonino & Anzaldua, 2009). II. The Proposed Project of Computer Forensics The proposed project is based on a software program that can easily retrieve any specific data from the hard disk drive of any computer. This is because the hard disk acts as a form of storage device for the computer. Thus, there is storage of most data and also files in this hardware device. Moreover, for any forensic investigator to obtain any sort of digital evidence, they must first look for the details from the computer hard disk. Therefore, the hard disk is one of the chief vital components of the computer because it contains most of the computers’ files, data and also important documents. Consequently, there is a great significant in the development of a software program for easy and quick retrieval of data contained in the hard disk. Moreover this project of computer forensic works in conjunction with the software of data recovery program. The data recovery program works by recovering any form of lost data by the computer (Volonino & Anzaldua, 2009). III. The Objectives and what the Project Intends to Deliver The main reason for the development of this computer forensic project i s to assist in the quick and effective investigation procedures required during a forensic investigation. For instance, the main part of the computer forensic is chiefly the utilization of the computer hard disk to access any information. This is because hard disks are capable of storing large amount of information about anything. Therefore, because the computer hard disk is capable of storing millions of data on anything, it becomes very tedious for the forensic investigator to search for the exact data that is needed for the investigation (Volonino & Anzaldua, 2009). Moreover, this action needs a lot of time and thus consumes time. Therefore, for the investigator to be competent and to easily access all the details from the hard disk, the forensic investigator needs to implement this computer forensic project. Thus, the chief reason for the development of this computer forensic project is to assist the investigators in easing the procedures of the investigation. Therefore, the com puter project is about how the forensic investigator is capable of obtaining and easily retrieves data from any hard disk of a computer system to be utilized in the investigation procedures. The investigator will find this project extremely helpful to him and also to the court when handling any form of forensic cases. Thus the project focuses majorly o the improvement of the hard disk devices. Additionally, this project will focus on the fundamental process of retrieving information from a given hard disk

Nihilism and its Relationship to the Death of God Essay

Nihilism and its Relationship to the Death of God - Essay Example Nihilism represents a philosophy of negation for all forms aestheticism. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a great deal of literature concerning nihilism; however, critics argue that Nietzsche did not advocate nihilism, but he was concerned about the effects of nihilism on society and culture. The fundamental basis of nihilism constitutes the entire rejection of both social sciences and classical philosophical systems. Nihilism advocated utilitarianism and scientific rationalism. Utilitarianism is a moral framework that proposes doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Scientific rationalism deals with providing valid reasons to support arguments for them to be considered true. Nihilism aimed at negating all authority practiced by the state, church and family by representing a form of positivism and materialism comprising of a revolt against the established social order. Nihilists believed primarily on scientific truths for finding solutions to social problems; according to Nietzsche, science was the cure for all social problems since it eliminated ignorance that caused evil in societies. It is critical to understand the meaning and historical background of nihilism in order to recognize the relationship between nihilism and the death of God.

MRO Activities in Aviation Industry

MRO Activities in Aviation Industry Definitions: MRO: Maintenance, repair and overhaul organization. OEM: Aircraft original equipment manufacturers. Such as Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier Embraer and others. Airworthiness Authorities: Regulate all aspects of civil aviation. These include the construction and operation of airports, the management of air traffic, the certification of personnel and aircraft. There are two main organizations, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States of America and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Airworthiness: FAA Part 3 defines Airworthy as, the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a condition for safe flight. A more generic and non-process oriented definition is required. Airworthiness is defined in JSP553 Military Airworthiness Regulations (2006) Edition 1 Change 5 as: The ability of an aircraft or other airborne equipment or system to operate without significant hazard to aircrew, ground crew, passengers (where relevant) or to the general public over which such airborne systems are flown. Mother airline: In MRO aviation sector mother airline is the core airline from with the MRO unit segregates, for instance British Airways is the mother airline of British Airways Engineering. Virtual airline: Is an airline that has outsourced as many possible operational and business functions as it can, but still maintains effective control of its core business. Line Maintenance: Usually carried out at or near the aircraft dock or parking. The level of dis-assembly is usually limited to what can be reassembled and restored within a short period in order to allow the continuous aircraft operation. A limiting factor is usually the level of Ground Support Equipment and the scope of the revisions reaches to the A-Check. Heavy Maintenance: The mayor level of maintenance with capabilities of disassembling, inspecting, repairing, refurbishment, overhaul and restoration. It is usually carried out into specific installations called Hangars with and extensive source of facilities, tools and equipment. The scope of the revisions in this kind of maintenance is focus in C-Checks and in mayor structural repairs and inspections. Engine Overhaul: Comprises of the whole disassembly of an engine. The overhaul facility inspects the engine, repairs it as necessary, reassembles, tests, clean and approves it for return to service within the fits and limits specified by the manufacturers overhaul data (Lee et al, 2008). This kind of maintenance need to be done in a very specific installations approved by the engine manufacturer. Component Maintenance: Reparation of aircraft components is slightly different from a complete overhaul, as the workshop needs to determine the cause of a given defect, correct that defect, perform bench tests and release the component back to service. Very specific workshops needed for different components such as: Radio transceivers, Hydraulic valves, batteries, passengers seats, etc. Modifications: This kind of maintenance is performed in order a manufacturer option or an authority requirement. During the manufacturing process of an aircraft, improvements have been implemented over time, for early versions, these improvements can be made later in the form of modification, on the other hand civil aviation authorities generates Airworthiness Directives (AD) of mandatory compliance to the aircraft operators , that needs specific modifications. Introduction Maintenance, repair and overhaul in the aeronautical sector is a complicate procedure that has strict and particular requirements defined by airworthiness authorities to guarantee the safety of passengers and aircrew. MRO could be defined such all actions that have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can be perform its required function. (Vieira, Loures, 2016). The aviation MRO engineering could be defined such the arm of the aviation industry responsible for the retaining or restoring aircraft parts to a state in which they can perform the required design applications (Al-kaabi, Potter et al. 2007). Chang and Abdullah (2014) states that the business model of the MRO is a combination of technical capacity and logistic configuration counting the level of supply chain vertical integration and outsourcing practices. Chris Markou (2015) estimates the maintenance cost for an airline is 17% of the operational cost. MRO Activities and Models: Al-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) study assesses the decision-making process of an airline when deciding on the outsourcing of maintenance services, the study define three different phases: The first phase corresponds to the activities developed by the MRO, in this section the critical activities of the organization that are included (figure 1). The second phase deals with the study of demand based on a series of entries that will take into account the logistical complexity, the age of the fleet and its use, among others. The MRO have to focus on the actual market and need to develop a plan strategy for short, medium and long term. The third phase addresses the study of capacity and the true need to outsource taking into account the MRO cost, that include maintenance resources such hangar space, qualified equipment , qualified manpower and the dispatch reliability related with technical delays. During 2014 Global Market of MRO spends was value at %62.1 billion, excluding overheads, with a 3.8% increase per annum, the market size is estimated to reach $90 billion in 2024 (Chris MARKOU, 2015). The following graph represents the distribution of cost between MRO activities for the year 2014. Al-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) states that according with the critical activities of an MRO and the level of outsourcing developed, a MRO could be categorized in different models: Fully Integrated MRO: Where all MRO activities are generated and performed internally and in addition the MRO can support other airlines different to the mother airline generating external revenues. Partially Outsourced MRO: Where airlines try to maintains most of their MRO activities internally but some are externalised, for example the outsourcing of the Engine Maintenance. Mostly Outsourced MRO: Where only critical activities are performed internally for instance, generally airlines consider Line maintenance such a critical activity for the relation with the punctuality, for this reason is maintained such as in house activity. Wholly outsourced MRO: Where all activities are outsourced, it is similar to the Virtual airline model and it is highly extended across the new Low-Cost airlines that cannot afford the initial investment to create their own MRO. The following table represents an SWOT evaluation performed by Al-kaabi, Potter et al (2007) of the difference structure models. This variety of organizational models in which certain critical activities are externalized requires a maximum level of coordination between the actors involved, as well as within the organization itself. One of the leading issues in aviation industry today is how information is managed and retained in an organization (Flouris, Oswald 2006). Regarding to the operational aspect of the MRO activities Vieira and Loures (2016) states that the maintenance could be: Scheduled Maintenance: Defined as an anticipatory action to ensure that a product works properly at pre-defined intervals. The intervals can be defined in terms of hours of operation, number of flights or flight cycles. (Figure 5). Unscheduled Maintenance: Defined as not planned or programmed is performed when an unexpected component failure occurs. Actual MRO Scenario in aviation industry Aviation MRO activities cannot be precisely defined solely within manufacturing or service term alone, Given that it is a product of both (Ayeni, Ball et al. 2016). The process are very complex, each component needs to be certified by the competent airworthiness institution which define severe requirements to guarantee safety (Vieira, Loures ,2016). Due to the high quality requirements, there is a very small number of authorized companies to serve parts and services in the sector, this fact generates limitation in the options available when a MRO or manufacturer has to select the provider, creating a lack of influence to discuss commercial conditions. It can be highlighted four stakeholders in the service flow of an aviation MRO: Subtier/Supplier, Aircraft OEMs, Aircraft MRO and Customer. The flow model used by OEMs provides for key suppliers working as system integrator, this means in comparison with other sectors aircraft OEMs have very few suppliers approximately 50. The production parts is very standard and similar compared with other industrial sector, OEMs submit a purchasing order with the system supplier and making and respect a commercial agreement the part is delivered. The complexity increases with spare part due to the logistic and regulatory framework. Customers can purchase orders to the rest of the stakeholders always depending of the type of structure and also can request the MRO services. In order to obtain a complete an actual vision of the MRO sector, the following table shows the top 10 aviation MROs ordered by the number of airframe maintenance hours during 2014. (AWST, 2015) MRO Procedures: Lifecycles: Two main flows can be identified within an MRO Aviation (CHANG, Abdullah 2014): The Physical flow: Is the aircraft maintenance process which comprises: professional methodology, material, machine, manpower and environment. The information flow: Defined as the company management process which comprises the cycle of P-D-C-A (Plan-DO-Check-Action) that includes functions of demand integration and material logistic. These flows have to be analysed through the lifecycle of the different components of the Aviation MRO activity: The previous diagrams show a generic lifecycle for the different elements with which MROs work, they are valid regardless of the level of outsourcing that the organization has, because it is the complete cycle, which would vary the organization that would perform the task in case they were outsourced. Many common characteristics can be seen in the different cycles, such as logistics for the receipt and delivery of the product, personnel and tooling distributions, documentation and various final tests. During the development of the phases, the physical flow and the information flow must be taken care of equally. Is very important visualize the wide intricacy of the MRO organization management (Bierer, Gtze et al. 2016). The two types of flow mentioned above are then analyzed further in detail: Physical flow Regarding the physical flow, the maintenance process does not vary significantly with the product to be treated within the 3 life cycles previously exposed. Chang and Abdullah (2014) divides the aircraft maintenance process in 8 parts: Review Flight history: Make a review of previous maintenance actions and evaluate the current status. Determine Maintenance Items: Following manufacturer requirements and documentation, perform an engineering evaluation and determine the maintenance items. Receiving Process: Accept the aircraft from customer and perform the maintenance previous set-up. Disassembly: Gain access to the maintenance item. Inspection and testing: Perform the evaluations and approved test to ensure the state of the maintenance item. Assembly: Substitute and assembly the relative parts of the maintenance item, including de aces panel to the maintenance item area. Functional test: Perform a functional test of the maintenance item. Flight test: In some maintenance action could be necessary a flight test to ensure achieve the original performance requirement according to the regulatory framework. Figure 12: General Maintenance Process of Aircraft flow shop. Source: (CHANG, Abdullah 2014) It can be seen the easy allocation of the parts to the previous discussed lifecycle in Figure 8. The complexity and the resources used in the maintenance task may vary, however the process remains essentially unchanged. Information Flow The information flow is the company management process, Chang and Abdullah (2014) argues that is composed by two major functions: Demand integration: Divided in three stages: Delivery schedule: Where is necessary the management of customers orders taking into account the delivery date, aircraft model and requirements, this stage makes the link with the investment and business plan. Rough-cut capacity: Consider the information and the overall demand, during this stage the rough-cut capacity for midterm and long term is computed. Material requirement planning (MRP): In this stage inputs are receive from engineering evaluation (Bill of material), current inventory and current capacity, after the pertinent evaluation the detail production schedule is generated. Material Logistic: Divided in three stages: Detail production schedule: Generated in the MRP phase, it is based in the feasibility of the production schedule, taking into account the lead time of the details parts, outsourcing level, procurements and resources. Shop floor control: This phase monitor the progress and daily performance in order to achieve the targets of the detail production schedule. Delivery: After the maintenance task and checks, all the documentation and quality records should be prepared for reviewing and approval. In this section it is necessary to differentiate information from knowledge. The information is the raw content of the metric being used, Gunasekaran, Patel et al (2001) use some of the following metrics in the aircraft maintenance process: Documents rejected, Defects at final inspections, Rework, Tool bag audit among others. Knowledge however is formed through the analysis and study of information, and gives a real vision of the state of the process as well as the achievement of objectives. Significant knowledge construction and application involves information to be accessible and relevant moment and relevant situation (Iyengar, Dharwada et al.). One of the most important factors in the Aviation industry is how information is managed and retained in the organization. The concept of Knowledge Management in an organization is supply managers to with all the tools and knowledge necessary for decision making. Knowledge should be made available to the correct people at the correct time, and it must be sheltered so that this knowledge does not leave the organization. (Flouris, Oswald 2006). Bierer, Gtze et al (2016) indicates that the knowledge management is necessary to obtain a successful generation and correct handling of knowledge, they also emphasize the tendency of MROs to outsource services by aggravating the problem of making knowledge accessible within the company. Little literature exits on information management of the data obtained from various aircraft maintenance process which have direct consequence on the safety of the aircraft. (Iyengar, Dharwada et al. ). Nonetheless, in the publication the authors describe the hierarchy through different levels of the maintenance environment: Senior managers refers to the higher managers who reviews all the maintenance activities. Manager refers to the individual who reviews and report all the maintenance activities to the senior manager. Airline representative refers to the individual who performs day-to-day surveillance at the vendor location. Vendor refers to the independent maintenance operator who performs maintenance operations on the aircraft. Human resources: One of the most critical and most important components within the physical and information flows within an MRO is the human component, two main roles are mainly involved in the whole process (CHANG, Abdullah 2014). Engineer: The role is related with planning, certification liaison, and regulation, specifications to maintain the reliability, relations with financial departments and provide technical and analytical support. Technician: The qualified technician cover three main categories: structure repair, avionics and mechanical. The technicians are the main component of the manpower and they performed the designed maintenance task accourding to the valid regulation. . Mapping information flows is a process for analysing how information is transferred between two points inside an organization (Hibberd, Evatt 2004). There are two types of information flows: Direct information and indirect information, companies have for a long time tried to optimize and improve the physical material flow within the supply chain but is needed also improve the information which is connected to the physical flow (Chibba, Rundquist 2004). Figure 17: The physical material flow and the information flow showing two different Approaches (Indirect and direct information). Source: (Chibba, Rundquist 2004). Hibberd and Evatt (2004) indicates some benefits of mapping information: Enables the understanding of who is the user of information and how is used. It identifies the ultimate client or key stakeholder for various types of information services. Help to focus information services where more necessaries are. Steps: They also pinpoints a process of five steps to perform the information flow mapping: Describe current situation: They suggest a hierarchical chart showing the mission, goals and objectives of an organization, in addition it is also exposed the interaction with various business units and how these units support these goals. Describe potential clients: Identification of potential clients in other business units. Determining the organizational goals and objectives of each unit and identify what information may need. Map potential clients: Listing the units, needs and resources help to analyse the potential overlap areas, the current clients maps is completed with the potential clients information. The map should be completed with suggestions and reallocation of resources, products and services. Rank solutions for prioritization: Make a classification of the possible solutions: Low Risk: Organizations is not making a mission-critical decision. Moderate Risk: Organizational activity involves a complete department and its budget. High Risk: Organizations is making a mission-critical decision. Create an Information map: Mapping the final solution to show each department and the suggestions for their information, the information map will require updating to continue its function. Chibba and Rundquist (2004) argues that a data flow diagram (DFD) could be used to map typical supply chain information flows the article present difference commercial solutions for DFD creation and the characteristics for a process: Is necessary a supplier that contribute with some measurable entity into the process. The process comprises a number of activities that convert the object in a more valuable object. The process should have well defined start and concrete ending. The process should be regularly iterated. The process should use the organization resources. Is good for organization to work with a process model that all the member could understand, they should know how their process are connected, the hierarchy, hat resources are critical to the clients. References AL-KAABI, H., POTTER, A. and NAIM, M., 2007. Insights into the maintenance, repair and overhaul configurations of European airlines. Journal of Air Transportation, 12(2), pp. 27. AL-KAABI, H., POTTER, A. and NAIM, M (2007) An outsourcing decision model for airlines MRO activities, Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 13(3), pp. 217-227. AYENI, P., BALL, P. and BAINES, T., 2016. Towards the strategic adoption of Lean in Aviation Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) industry: An empirical study into the industrys status. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, , pp. 38-61. AWST. 2015. Aviation Week Announces Top 10 Airframe MRO Providers: Biennial survey examines MRO developments, 2014 airframe maintenance hours and revenue. Aviation Week and Space Technology, MRO Edition, Aviation Week Ranks. May 2015. BIERER, A., GTZE, U., KHLER, S. and LINDNER, R., 2016. Control and Evaluation Concept for Smart MRO Approaches. Procedia CIRP, 40, pp. 700-705. CHANG, H.M. and ABDULLAH, K., 2014. The Operation Management Model of Aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) Business. International Journal of Trends in Economics Management Technology (IJTEMT), 3(3), CHIBBA, A. and RUNDQUIST, J., 2004. Mapping flows-an analysis of the information flows within the integrated supply chain. Chris MARKOU Assistant Director, IATA Operations, MRO, December 2015 Airline maintenance cost executive commentary: public mctf An Exclusive Benchmark Analysis (FY2014 data) by IATAs Maintenance Cost Task Force. FLOURIS, T.G. and OSWALD, S.L., 2006. Designing and executing strategy in aviation management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. HIBBERD, B.J. and EVATT, A., 2004. Mapping information flows: a practical guide. Information Management, 38(1), pp. 58. IYENGAR, N., DHARWADA, P., KAPOOR, K., GRAMOPADHYE, A. and GREENSTEIN, J., DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO REDUCE ERRORS IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE. M. TAAFFE, K., WILLIAM ALLEN, R. and GRIGG, L., 2014. Performance metrics analysis for aircraft maintenance process control. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 20(2), pp. 122-134. SAHAY, A., 2012. Leveraging information technology for optimal aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO). Elsevier. VIEIRA, D.R. and LOURES, P.L., 2016, Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) Fundamentals and Strategies: An Aeronautical Industry Overview.

Machiavellianism :: essays research papers

After months of routinely being metal detected and blindly handing over my bags to be searched, I finally stopped to think about it the other day. I realized that all the â€Å"security† cameras, metal detectors and guards were merely used to gain power over the people by oppressing them and forcing their submission; not to protect us. We are all blind to this. We think it’s for our own good, but it’s all part of a Machiavellianist Plot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Italy in the early 1500’s. He thought that if one person, namely Lorenzo de’ Medici, could be the absolute ruler of all Italy, then order could be restored. In an effort to gain favor with the powerful Medice family, he wrote The Prince as an early blueprint of a New World Order justifying the use of any means, no matter how sinister, to gain and keep power. Machiavellianism envisages: the seizure, maintenance, and extension of absolute power by the nicely graduated use of fraud, force and terror; control by the ruler of all avenues of communication, thus facilitating the deliberate molding of public opinion; and the employment of surveillance and terrorist activities of subordinates who can be disowned and liquidated by the ruler, who thus escapes the blame for their atrocities. (In other words, the big political figureheads get their lackeys to do their dirty work and then use them as scapegoats.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Basically, what Machiavelli was trying to say was that if a prince conquered a city, the people would hate him, but if the prince secretly hired terrorists to create an insurrection, then marched into the city to put down the insurrection, the people would praise him. (He would hire his men to act like they were rebelling, and then the leader would act like he was stopping the rebellion and protecting the citizens, thus earning the community’s trust.) Either way, he would increase his domain, but it would be better for his popularity if the citizens loved him rather than hated him for doing it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I see the same things happening today with gun control, censorship and all the other so-called security the government has imposed upon us. These are not isolated incidents. This censorship has occurred throughout history, whether it was censorship of religion, freedom, books or individuality and self expression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first and most obvious is the case of Jesus and how he was oppressed and persecuted because he expressed his beliefs which didn’t agree with the political leaders of the day. These leaders did not want to be disputed or made to look bad, so if someone got in their way, they killed that

China Lost Girls

China’s Lost Girls China is largest population in the world because of that Chinese government decided a policy which is one-child policy. A family has only one child, but some case a family can have second child if they pay to government. One of big issue in China is balance of gender which means man’s population is much larger than female’s. Chinese people want to have a boy because a man carries the family name in Chinese culture; therefore, thousands of Chinese girls are aborted, hidden, abandoned, or even killed. Some of these girls are adapted to American family, but adaption takes more than a year.Many American families are waiting for adopted child. After they apply adoption, they can receive adopted child’s picture; however, they have to wait about one year to meet the child and cannot know anything about their adopted child until they meet them. In addition, the American families paid few thousands dollar for adoption, and the money goes to Chine se government. On the other hand, other girls stay their entire childhood in institution of child welfare or their parents or relative sold them. Many Chinese girls are sold to somewhere and their life is horrible.For example, a girl was beaten up and broke her leg and arm so that some organization save these female, or other organization campaign for sexual equality. In conclusion, this issue is bigger and bigger in China; therefore, few years later many men cannot marry because of imbalance of gender problem. And also, most families have only one child in their family so that many kids are spoiled in China. I knew about china's one child policy but I did not know boys are so important than girls; even girls are aborted, hidden, abandoned, or even killed. I was so surprised.I am happy for those girls who were adapted to American family; however, still many other girls have tough life. I think that this is very difficult issue because population of China is huge; however, government has to think about different way to reduce population. Otherwise, girls are kidnap more often because women have to give a birth, but if women are not enough population, a family cannot continue to have descendant. In addition, there are a lot of spoiled children because of one child policy in China so that it might makes unhealthy or violence country in future.

Free Essays on Consequences Of Divorce

â€Å"Consequences of Divorce† Recent decades have been a period of rapid family change in which marital separation is consequently elevated, as is the growth in the number of stepfamilies, single parent families, and nonmarital births. Wallenstein, describes divorce as something that has become relatively common in today’s society. Some separations are called for, while others are simply an escape from an undesirable circumstance. Unfortunately, today’s adults do not feel obligated to remain in relationships. Most marriages in today’s society end in a brutal divorce that affects not only the parents but also the children as well. Children, more that adults, are faced with decisions that change their lives within twenty four hours. They are forced to sacrifice their carefree play of childhood at an early age, along with the comfort of a loving home to accommodate their parents’ absence and abandonment; consequently home has become a lonely place instead of a place of love and contentme nt. Children who are relative to separated families, go through life with a sense of fear in regards to trust. They find it problematical to obtain trusting relationships with their parents as well as people whom they consider to be their significant other. As a society, we have given trust the definition of an individual’s expectations and beliefs about the reliability of others. Because parents are usually the first and most important caregivers in a child’s life, the parent-child relationship forms the early basis for a child’s developing sense of trust. Because of the increasing rates of divorce, children now days are receiving less nurturance and attention from their parents. â€Å"The separation of the parents may negatively impact the parent-child relationship affecting the quantity, quality, or timing of a parent-child interaction† (King). This can especially hold true at the time of the separation when parents might have adj... Free Essays on Consequences Of Divorce Free Essays on Consequences Of Divorce â€Å"Consequences of Divorce† Recent decades have been a period of rapid family change in which marital separation is consequently elevated, as is the growth in the number of stepfamilies, single parent families, and nonmarital births. Wallenstein, describes divorce as something that has become relatively common in today’s society. Some separations are called for, while others are simply an escape from an undesirable circumstance. Unfortunately, today’s adults do not feel obligated to remain in relationships. Most marriages in today’s society end in a brutal divorce that affects not only the parents but also the children as well. Children, more that adults, are faced with decisions that change their lives within twenty four hours. They are forced to sacrifice their carefree play of childhood at an early age, along with the comfort of a loving home to accommodate their parents’ absence and abandonment; consequently home has become a lonely place instead of a place of love and contentme nt. Children who are relative to separated families, go through life with a sense of fear in regards to trust. They find it problematical to obtain trusting relationships with their parents as well as people whom they consider to be their significant other. As a society, we have given trust the definition of an individual’s expectations and beliefs about the reliability of others. Because parents are usually the first and most important caregivers in a child’s life, the parent-child relationship forms the early basis for a child’s developing sense of trust. Because of the increasing rates of divorce, children now days are receiving less nurturance and attention from their parents. â€Å"The separation of the parents may negatively impact the parent-child relationship affecting the quantity, quality, or timing of a parent-child interaction† (King). This can especially hold true at the time of the separation when parents might have adj...

All That Is Solid Melts Into Air

All That Is Solid Melts Into Air The works of Djuna Barnes and Joseph Conrad will be discussed in this essay, with regard to "All that is Solid Melts into Air", which is one of the numerous descriptions of modernism. This statement can be interpreted in a number of ways, and one of the most obvious interpretations appears to be that everything around us is constantly evolving with time. Here, I shall attempt to show that Barnes' novel, Nightwood, as well as Conrad's short story, The End of the Tether, are good illustrations of this statement, as I am of the opinion that they both touch on various issues that were once taken for granted and were hardly ever challenged.The two writers have, in their own ways, managed to manipulate these issues in such a way that readers, on a small scale, and society on a larger one, are now being forced out of their original comfort zones, and made to question and re-evaluate their lives in which no one has ever dared or cared enough to defy convention.Illustration from The Book of R epulsive WomenTradition has become a thing of the past, and it is perhaps the ultimate aim of these writers, through their writings, to bring people to the simple, yet often overlooked realization that nothing can, nor should, be assumed to be real and constant.Both of the texts that I have chosen, deal with the assumption that relationships, of any sort, are generally "solid", or rather, are dependable and would not fail those who are involved in these relationships. The characters appear to have a certain naivety about them, as they seem to believe that just as long as some form of effort is put into the maintenance of their relationships with others, there is no reason for these relationships to disintegrate into nothing. It is as though...

Operating Segments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Operating Segments - Essay Example Since then there have been minor changes that have been made to IFRS 8 by the other IFRSs. This has included improvements on the IFRSs, IAS 24 with related party disclosures, IAS 19 Employee Benefits, IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and Annual Improvements to IFRSS 2010-2012 Cycle. The main function of the IFRS 8 operating system is to establish recommendations that ensure the disclosure of information on an entitys operating segments. This includes the entities products and services, the major customers it serves as well as the geographical regions of operation. These functions are mainly geared towards the achievement of global accounting standards as per the objectives of the International Accounting Board. It specifies on the entitys information reporting on its operations in its annual financial statements. It requires the authority in reporting information related to financial and descriptive matters on its reportable segment. These reportable segments comprise of aggregations of operating segments with specific criteria. Operating segments comprises of entities upon which different financial information available is put under an evaluation on a regular basis to decide on the allocation of resources and performance assessment (Belkaoui, 2004). It operates through an entity that ensures reporting as a measure on the operating segment of profits or losses being incurred by an entity. This enables an entity to report on a measure of segment liabilities and provides the decision makers with useful accounting information needed for the reconciliation of the total profits or loss, liabilities, segment revenues, total assets and other reportable amounts in correspondence to those of the financial statements. The IFRS is in need of an entity to put forth the information on revenues gotten from products and services. This is especially needed for the countries in which revenues are earned, assets are

Relection Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relection Portfolio - Essay Example Some of the aspects are given importance in schools are active listening, asking questions, helping others by responding to their needs, sharing knowledge and finding what others think and share each other’s view points. The basic idea behind this is to create a healthy mutual understanding behind the team members so that strong team can be developed. In doing so, each and every students become aware of the factors which are required to build a strong team. The author then goes on to discuss the main idea behind doing these activities. She says that by doing this the students develop a sense of inter-dependence. This is very essential for building up a team. There are two types of interdependence. Goal interdependence where the group members can only achieve their goals when each and every team members have achieved their’s and resource interdependence where the each of the member need the resources of each and every member to complete the task assigned to them. In this article the author talks about building up one’s self confidence. He start the article in a very interesting manner by stating that even confident people make mistakes but the difference lies in the fact that they are more focused on their strength and ten to neglect their weakness. We should not get confused by affirmations as they attempt to fool the mind in thinking and believing something that we are not. Thus a person might be fooled to believe into something which is not in reality. So the main idea behind building up the self confidence to be aware of our strengths and stay focused on them. In this case, we should also focus on building up a good level of concentration because when person has a strong concentration; it becomes difficult to divert him or her from their path. Several methods of building up their self confidence have been discussed in the later part of the article. The author says that self confidence is more like a set

An Urban Tourism Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

An Urban Tourism Experience - Essay Example Through the development of a narrative of the experience of being out in the field, the study uses thematic descriptions in order to define the way in which the experience of Rome can be brought into context with the modern experience. The themes that emerge in the development of the case are defined by the overall Roman culture through which an understanding leads to a sense of pride in the Italian lifestyle. A definition of urban tourism can simply be made by stating that it is tourism that has a city or cities as a destination for holiday. A more complex version of the definition, however, involves the desire to seek out other cultures and explore social meaning and context through first hand experiences. While urban tourism needs an additional amount of information in order to have real meaning, the ability to go to an urban center and taste the nature of the culture through experience can expand the understanding that one has about that locale. The culture of a city comes from the incidental and unintentional things that are encountered. The development of an urban tourism encounter is based upon the development of a conglomeration of disciplines so that the holiday creates a sense of the environment, not just the concept of the outsider who is looking in on a culture as if it were a zoo. Many travellers see the world as if it is a zoo for their observation, but not a place in which to immerse oneself in the culture of a city is to discover something more than just what can be observed. Urban tourism types of travel have the ability to create a connection to the observed culture that is based upon seeing their world through eyes that have been taught to look. Through information from outside sources, through learning a bit of the language of the city that is the focus of the travel, and through looking for aspects of the city that are not intended for the eyes of the traveller, the culture begins to emerge. 1.1 Research Questions The following research questions have been developed in order to frame the inquiry that this study has endeavoured to create: What is the cultural experience that defines the urban tourism event in Rome? What appears to be the hidden culture that the facade created for tourists has tried to dissuade tourists from observing? What are the cultural meanings that the urban tourist can readily observe within the experience of the city of Rome? What experiences in the city of Rome can become part of a profile of its identity? 2. Literature Review 2.1 Urban Tourism Buhalis and Darcy (2011, p. 123) discuss the nature of tourism by writing that â€Å"Travel involves the movement away from home with its gendered responsibilities and expectations, as well as the movement towards other worlds and possible selves experienced within a relation to difference†. The experience of immersing oneself into another culture is defined both by the lived experiences of the indigenous population, combined with the public identity of the locale that has been created through carefully cult ivated perceptions about the regions.

Discus Definition Essay Example for Free

Discus Definition Essay 1. Discus is a complex sport that requires skill and a lot of training. The discus is held in the dominant hand putting the first knuckles of your fingers around the edge. Your hand must be spread wide but not strained. You must orient your wrist so your index finger is directly in line with your forearm. You must then align yourself with the target area, either at your left shoulder or behind you. Most professionals face away from the target, which requires another 90 degrees of spin and can be a more difficult manoeuvre but optimizes throwing speed on a properly executed throw. Just before your right leg is planted, your left leg should rise off the ground with the momentum of your spin. As your right leg plants, your left leg should move low and fast around your body to plant in line with the right leg at the front of the circle. The left leg plants firmly and the entire momentum of the body is directed into the extended right arm. The hips drive through the rotation to face the target while the shoulders and arm trail behind and then snap through. The discus is released off the front of the fingers, rolling off the index finger, which imparts clockwise spin. The skeletal system has a major contribution as it provides the movement during the discus throw. The phalanges and metatarsals are used to allow the movement in the feet when spinning and swivelling. The feet play a very significant role throughout the entire preparation and throw. The tarsals in the ankles are gliding joints which allow for the ankles to create the joint action of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion when the individual turns their body in preparation for the throw. During the discus throw, the athlete lifts one foot in a plantar flexion whilst the other foot stays in the dorsiflexion position. During the whole throw, the legs are constantly flexed and extension is not made until the discus has been released and the athlete is not longer in motion. The vertebral column, consisting of the cervical vertebrae, thoracic curvature and the lumbar curvature, allows movement in the trunk. When the individual spins, the vertebral allows the trunk to rotate from side to side. Included in the trunk is the sternum and the rib cage. The patella is a condyloid joint is in a bent while the tibia, fibula and femur are all flexing as rotation is taking place. The pelvis which is a ball and socket joint allows flexion in the legs. The phalanges and the metacarpals flex as the discus is gripped. The carpals in the wrist are gliding joints, which rotate and flex as the arm swings back and forth across the body in order to keep a solid grip on the discus. The fingers extend when releasing the discus in order to get distance. The elbow, which is a hinge joint, allows bending when coming back across the body after hyperextension behind the body. It is then in a pronation position when extended forward. The muscular system also plays a major role in throwing a discus. The entire muscular system is required to enable to discus throw. The tibialis anterior, located near the tibia, allows the feet to produce the action of dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion. For the knee to be able to flex, the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings perform a concentric movement whilst the quadriceps and tibialis anterior create the eccentric movement because they lengthen. The erector spinae allows for the back to extend when the individual swings their arms back and forth around their body in preparation of releasing the discus. This allows for the muscle length to increase so that muscle is completing an eccentric contraction. Because the body is moving from side to side, the external obliques flex as the trunk rotates. Whilst the athlete is moving to the left, the left hand side obliques shorten, performing the concentric muscle contraction. At the same time the right external oblique is lengthening. This is constantly swapping as the athlete swings their arms from side to side. The trapezius elevates the shoulders and extends while the pectorals flex when the arms moves. The pectorals are performing concentric contractions and the trapezius is performing eccentric contractions. In the upper body the deltoids are extending as the arms hyperextend behind the body, which is an eccentric contraction, although it is becoming a concentric contraction as the arms move towards the front of the body. As the arm flexes, the bicep is performing a concentric contraction whilst the triceps perform eccentric contractions. The rectus abdominals are an isometric muscle contraction as they do not play a major role in performing discus. 2. In performing discus there are six main physical fitness and movement components. Three being health-related components and three being skill-related components. Muscular strength is highly necessary in discus. The more muscular strength an individual has, the further distance the discus will go. Flexibility is also a component of fitness involved in discus. It is one of the most neglected but most vital elements to an athlete. There are many different stretching techniques a discus athlete should perform in preparation. These include straddle stretch, upper groin stretch, butterfly groin stretch, trunk twist, open arm stretch, triceps stretch, cuff stretch. The skill related components that discus thrower posses are power, coordination and balance. There are many different training techniques that all professional discus throwers need to be able to perform. The first is weight lifting. Discus throwers should incorporate upper body and lower body exercises. For the upper body, perform workouts that train the essential muscles for discus throwing. These include bench press, shoulder press, triceps extensions, and shoulder lifts, exercises that improve the strength of the shoulders and arms to generate a longer throw. For the lower body, perform squats, lunges, and box jumps to improve leg power. Discus throwing includes a high level of intensity and a sudden burst of speed for a short interval of time. Another way discus throwers can train is by using medicine balls. Use a medicine ball to perform exercises that mimic throwing the disc. To increase oblique strength, throw a medicine ball from your hip against a wall and catch on the opposite side of your body. Repeat to strengthen both sides of the body. This strengthens the upper body by simulating similar movements to discus throwing. As with strength training, medicine ball exercises should be performed at maximum intensity. Another training technique is the tire flip. The tire flip improves explosiveness, endurance and full body muscle strength. Flip the tire as many times as you can at full intensity. The tire flip works the muscles necessary for the discus throw and greatly improves conditioning. There are also other training techniques for discus throwers such as stretching and the sandbag carrying. Athletes should perform a complete stretching routine before and after each training session. Since discus throwing incorporates all muscles of the body, take the time to stretch each muscle group thoroughly. Throwing a discus is an extremely intense movement, forcing your body to twist and jerk at high speed. Competitors can easily injure a number of muscle groups if they fail to prepare the muscles for the movements by stretching and warming up. The sandbag carry will develop your core and strengthen your abdominal muscles. As you throw the disc, your body is twisted at a high speed to generate power. Your abdominal muscles generate this twist as your arm swings around. The sandbag carry develops strength and endurance for this muscle group. This exercise also strengthens the shoulders and the arms. 3. Biomechanical principles deal with the scientific basis of human movement. Analysis of the way the body moves during the sport has led to improved and advances performance using newly developed techniques and modified or changed sports equipment. The first aspect of biomechanics that has an influence on discus is motion. Angular motion and momentum are the most influential in discus. Angular motion is motion in a curved or circular path. Discus is the best example of angular motion, as the thrower is moving in a circular path in preparation for the release of the discus. Linear and angular motion are combined in most movement activities. Momentum is the amount of motion possessed by a moving object. A moving object has a certain mass and velocity and the two of these together equals the momentum. The greater the momentum of the body, the greater the tendency to resist changes in motion. External forces can have an influence on momentum, as can internal forces. The greater the mass, the greater the momentum. When professional athletes spin in circles will preparing to throw the discus, they are aiming to gain momentum in order for the disk to go a further distance. Balance and stability also occur in discus. Dynamic balance is balance in motion. While the discus thrower is beginning their throw, they must keep dynamic balance in order for their throw to go as preferred. There are many factors that influence stability. These include mass, base of support, centre of gravity, stability and mobility. The greater the mass of the discus thrower, the more stable the body is likely to be. The larger the bass of support, the greater the stability. This is why taking larger steps while circling will benefit the thrower and give them more stability. The lower a person’s centre of gravity, the greater the stability. The line of gravity must be located within the supporting base to increase stability, therefore the closer to the ground the discus thrower is the more stable they will be and will get more distance in their throw. The momentum of an object directly affects stability in motion. The faster the discus throw is going, the more stable they are with their throw. The larger the mass, the greater its stability. Taller discus throwers will be less stable in motion than shorter discus throwers because of the height of their centre of gravity. Force is something that causes movement. A force may be a push or pull, that causes a change in the shape of an object or body. Forces can be internal or external. The body can apply force using the summation of forces. This is a combination of a number of forces working in sequence. For example in discus, forces produced by the feet, legs, arms, wrists and fingers produce the large forced used to throw the discus as far as possible. The body also applies force by Newton’s Third Law: for every applied force there is an equal and opposite force. For example in discus the thrower exerts a force against the ground and an equal and opposite force pushes the thrower off the ground. Applying force to objects depends on a number of factors. These include magnitude which is the amount of force that has been applied to the discus, direction which is the way the force is applied to the discus, the point of application which is the spot where the force is applied to the discus and the line of action which is the point of application plus the direction of the force.

Recruiting and Retaining Qualified Personnel Essay example -- Work Wor

Recruiting and Retaining Qualified Personnel INTRODUCTION One of the most critical challenges facing public administration is the recruitment and retention of qualified personnel. While the problem of attracting talent into public service is not new, the introduction and rapid expansion of the high technology and Internet industry, the problem has reached crisis proportions. Both the public and private sector have embraced the Information Age with increasing dependence on a skilled and versatile workforce. Private industry responded by developing greater versatility in expanding and contracting their workforce to compliment the strategic requirements and goals of the organization. Public administration did not adequately recognize the changes in private industry that had such a significant impact on the workforce. In the past twenty years the workforce, who had previously expected to spend their career with a single employer, has adjusted to a norm of changing employers several times, (and in many cases changing career paths). This changi ng expectation of the workforce necessitates not only policy changes in public administration, but far better flexibility in hiring, rewarding and retaining methods. The shift to broader based training and advanced skills have changed the expectations of the workforce. Workers are increasingly less content with remaining within a single occupational discipline and have matched the flexibility and agility of their employers. Public administrators have increasingly recognized the need to modify reward and incentive programs placing much greater emphasis on performance than tenure. Private business, with its ability to change and re-focus strategic goals and objec... ...US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"Hiring†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/hiring/index.html. US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"Retention†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/retention/index.html. US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"The defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act (DAWIA)†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/dawia/index.html. US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"The DoD Civilian Acquisition Workforce Personnel Demonstration Project (AcqDemo)†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/acqdemo/index.html.